Germany: Power and the Left  

The momentous events of 1989 and the unification of Germany recast the long-standing debate about Germany’s role in a changing Europe. Virtually all the English-language newsweeklies ran cover stories on the new “German question,” and academic experts weighed in on …



Heidegger, Politics, and Modernity  

The debate about Martin Heidegger’s affiliation with National Socialism has been particularly fierce in France because—especially since the decline of Marxism in the late 1970s—Heidegger, the most influential German philosopher of the twentieth century, has played a crucial role for …





Special Interests and Public Discourse  

Since the early 1980s, no charge has been pressed so relentlessly—and effectively—against the Democratic party and the American left as that of being captive to “special interests.” Like other buzzwords—choice, family, opportunity, and (most recently) “politically correct” —the phrase “special …







Pages of History  

By rights, I ought to “recuse” myself from reviewing this book. As acknowledged in its introduction, I read an early draft of the manuscript several years before its publication, and offered such advice as I could. Though it isn’t common …



About Women and Rights  

That rights are controversial for women is neither a new nor an obvious idea. Although some of us would be quick to attribute only to men the view that women do not need equal rights, this would be misleading. How …



The Idea of Civil Society  

My aim in this essay is to defend a complex, imprecise, and, at crucial points, uncertain account of society and politics. I have no hope of theoretical simplicity, not at this historical moment when so many stable oppositions of political …



Waiting for Lefty  

In Waiting for Lefty, the radical play of the 1930s, Clifford Odets’s characters suffer not only from poverty but also from disintegrating families and a decline of individual honor. The audiences, caught up in a felt connection between their own …





On Thrills and Kills  

Movies have become machines for the sadomasochistic imagination. Die Hard 2 is said to depict 264 killings. But so-called serious cinema has also been skidding down a slippery slope, aiming to meet schlock halfway. Since The Wild Bunch (1969) and …



A Bad Turn in the Soviet Union  

It was always unlikely that the democratization of public life in the Soviet Union would continue if combined with a collapsing economy, a disintegrating political system, and internal separatism. Something had to give, and the most likely victim was democratization. …



A Vision of Market Socialism  

The collapse of communist regimes in Eastern Europe reopens the question whether there is any form of socialism that might be adopted, with popular support, in the advanced societies. The experience of communism suggests, fairly unequivocally, that such a system …



Beyond Saddam: The Arab Trauma  

In the Gulf War that Saddam Hussein forced on the whole world it was only natural that the Iraqi president should be portrayed as if he were the essential problem. If Iraq were routed, Saddam destroyed, and the Iraqi military …